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{"id":732,"date":"2018-04-12T11:57:13","date_gmt":"2018-04-12T11:57:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.naturalezanutritiva.com\/?p=732"},"modified":"2018-08-16T14:46:42","modified_gmt":"2018-08-16T14:46:42","slug":"los-plasticos-en-la-alimentacion-i-parte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.naturalezanutritiva.com\/2018\/04\/12\/los-plasticos-en-la-alimentacion-i-parte\/","title":{"rendered":"Los pl\u00e1sticos en alimentaci\u00f3n. I parte"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/p>\n
Entrados ya en el siglo XXI, hay un tema que resulta preocupante, no solo para el ser humano, tambi\u00e9n para la naturaleza. Se trata del uso de los pl\u00e1sticos en alimentaci\u00f3n. En este post realizaremos una visi\u00f3n desde el punto de vista medio-ambiental, as\u00ed como las implicaciones existentes en alimentaci\u00f3n humana.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Anta\u00f1o, en este pa\u00eds, nuestros antepasados, utilizaban recipientes elaborados manualmente con materiales extra\u00eddos de plantas o animales, como el esparto, el mimbre, la piel animal, u otros para transportar alimentos o bien conservarlos. Adem\u00e1s, tampoco exist\u00eda frigor\u00edfico, por tanto, se realizaba la compra casi a diario. Ahora bien, quien pod\u00eda, dispon\u00eda de huerta…manteni\u00e9ndose de esta forma la temporalidad de los alimentos, as\u00ed como su frescura. Respecto a alimentos de procedencia animal, se practicaba la caza o la pesca, o bien, se sacrificaban los animales pertinentes para pronto consumo, o se empleaban diferentes formas de conservaci\u00f3n. Sin embargo, empez\u00f3 el boom automovil\u00edstico, incorpor\u00e1ndose en nuestras vidas el petr\u00f3leo, y con ello los derivados del mismo, como los pol\u00edmeros para uso alimentario.<\/p>\n
Los precursores de los pol\u00edmeros<\/strong> actuales son los de origen \u201cnatural\u201d, como el \u00e1mbar, las astas de animales, la goma laca, y la guatapercha (l\u00e1tex extra\u00eddo de \u00e1rboles indonesios del g\u00e9nero palaquium<\/em>). Durante la Edad Media, en Europa, los asteros (personas que trabajaban el cuerno), elaboraban utensilios procedentes de astas, entre los que se encontraban las cucharas, los peines, los faroles, etc. Posteriormente, empez\u00f3 a trabajarse el estireno. Ya en el siglo XIX, se descubre el caucho, la case\u00edna (prote\u00edna l\u00e1ctea, que al combinarla con formol, forma la \u201cgalatita\u201d), la \u201cebonita\u201d y el \u201cceluloide<\/em>\u201d o \u201cparkesita\u201d, en honor a su descubridor Alexander Parker. Nuevos avances sobrevinieron combinando estireno con otros materiales o compuestos. Leo Baekeland, fue el descubridor de la \u201cbaquelita<\/em>\u201d, el primer pl\u00e1stico sint\u00e9tico utilizado en la construcci\u00f3n, adem\u00e1s de carcasas de tel\u00e9fonos, objetos de escritorio, etc. Debido a una sociedad cada vez m\u00e1s consumista, nuevos pol\u00edmeros sucedieron, gracias a la t\u00e9cnica de los termopl\u00e1sticos, entre los cuales est\u00e1n los que conocemos actualmente, como el policloruro de vinilo (PVC), el poliestireno (PS), las poliolefinas y\/o el polimetacrilato de metilo, com\u00fanmente conocido como \u201cplexiglas\u201d. Los avances cient\u00edficos, permitieron la aparici\u00f3n de los pl\u00e1sticos reforzados utilizando poli\u00e9ster. Adem\u00e1s, se inventaron los poli\u00e9steres insaturados gracias a Carleton Ellis. Otros materiales que se descubrieron fueron el tefl\u00f3n, el \u201cnylon\u201d y el neopreno, muy utilizado en la fabricaci\u00f3n de productos militares. As\u00ed mismo, surgieron nuevos pol\u00edmeros y modificaciones de los ya existentes, consiguiendo pl\u00e1sticos denominados \u201csuperpol\u00edmeros\u201d; tambi\u00e9n \u201cbiopol\u00edmeros\u201d, en los cuales se observa la implicaci\u00f3n en el ser humano. De este modo, a d\u00eda de hoy existe una amplia gama de estos productos en nuestras vidas cotidianas (97).<\/p>\n
Los desechos pl\u00e1sticos son un tipo de contaminaci\u00f3n que afecta a todos los oc\u00e9anos y mares del mundo, causando la muerte de muchas especies animales marinas (aves, tortugas, focas, leones, ballenas y peces). Adem\u00e1s, se est\u00e1n encontrando en numerosos rincones terrestres, como en barrancos, playas o rocas, desde la superficie del agua a profundidades de 3.000 metros, desde las zonas polares hasta el Ecuador, en zonas pobladas e islas deshabitadas. Se estima que afecta a unas 267 especies en todo el mundo, que a trav\u00e9s de la cadena tr\u00f3fica tambi\u00e9n llega a nosotros, los humanos (10). Producimos unos 12 millones de toneladas de residuos al a\u00f1o (1, 2).<\/p>\n
Tan s\u00f3lo el 20-30% de estos materiales se reciclan adecuadamente, el 60% acaban en vertederos, 10% incinerados y otro 10% son usados en compostaje. Por todo esto, el pl\u00e1stico es el principal enemigo de los ecosistemas acu\u00e1ticos (mares y oc\u00e9anos), por la creciente cantidad de dicho residuo, su f\u00e1cil dispersi\u00f3n y su lenta degradaci\u00f3n. De los 50 millones de envases de bebidas que gastamos solo un 20% es reciclado. Adem\u00e1s, la opci\u00f3n del reciclaje no siempre es \u00fatil, al no poderse llevar a cabo muchas veces por la cantidad de impurezas que llevan estos desperdicios. Cada vez m\u00e1s se usan envases de un solo uso, cuya vida \u00fatil es de 12-20 minutos y tardan sobre 5 d\u00e9cadas en destruirse. Es un buen ejemplo de la cultura de \u201cusar y tirar\u201d (1, 2).<\/p>\n